Technical Bulletin No. 673
May 1939
THE DISTRIBUTION OF
INSECTS, SPIDERS, AND MITES IN THE AIR
BY P. A. GLICK
Assistant Entomologist
Division of Cotton Insect Investigation
Kureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine?
United States Departmentof Agriculture,Washington, D. C.
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2012 with funding from
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Technical Bulletin No. 673
May 1939
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WASHINGTON, D. C.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF INSECTS, SPIDERS, AND MITES IN THE AIR1
By P. A. Glick
Assistant entomologist, Division of Cotton Insect Investigations, Bureau of Ento- mology and Plant Quarantine 2
CONTENTS
Page
Introduction 1
Scope of the work . . 3
The collecting ground 6
Airplane insect traps . 6
Operation and efficiency of the traps 8
Seasonal distribution of insects ... 9
Altitudinal distribution of insects 12
Day collecting 12
Night collecting 16
Notes on the insects collected 16
Winged forms 59
Size, weight, and buoyancy 84
Wingless insects 87
Immature stages 90
Insects taken alive 91
Meteorological data 93
Temperature.. 93
Dew point 93
Relative humidity 100
Page Meteorological data— Continued
Absolute humidity 101
Vapor pressure... 102
Barometric pressure.. 104
Air currents.. 108
Light intensity. 122
Cloud conditions 126
Precipitation 128
Electrical state of the atmosphere 129
Effects of the Mississippi River flood of 1927
on the insect population of the air 130
Seeds collected in the upper air 132
Collection of insects in Mexico 133
Sources of insects and routes of migration 140
Aircraft as insect carriers 141
Collecting insects in the upper air 142
Summary 143
Literature cited 146
INTRODUCTION
Knowledge regarding the height to which insects may ascend has hitherto been obtained chiefly from observations made on mountains, where the insects, after all, were near terra firma; and from lighthouses,
1 Submitted for publication May 18, 1938.
2 The collecting of insects by airplane was first made possible by L. O. Howard, and the late W. D. Hunter, under the supervision of B. R. Coad. The work was continued under the direction of C. L. Marlatt while he was Chief of the Bureau of Entomology, F. C. Bishopp, acting in charge of Cotton Insect Investigations in 1930 and 1931, R. W. Harned, in charge of the Division of Cotton Insect Investigations, and R. C. Gaines of the Tallulah, La., laboratory. Acknowledgments are due to R. H. Flake, W. L. Bowes, M. D. Kearney, R. G. Long, R. C. Young, C A. Bennett, and the late pilot, G. C. McGinley, for assistance in the construc- tion of the airplane insect traps; and to the pilots who flew the airplanes that were used, G. C. McCinley, John F. Payne, R. L. Mitchell, and G. E. Thomas. Appreciation is also extended to Franklin Sherman III, Robert Spinks, Robert Tate, C. F. Rainwater, Albert Sherwin, J. W. Holley. R. G. Long, and especially to J.-M. Yeates, for their assistance in the manipulation of the traps on many of the flights and in recording the meteorological data. Most of the specimens that were collected were separated as to orders by C. F. Rainwater and the writer before they were mounted and sent to various specialists for further determina- tion. Most of the material was mounted by P A. Woke. The insects taken during the first 2 years of collecting, however, were prepared and mounted by the specialists in the Division of Insect Identification of the Bureau. Naturally the identification of the immense numbers of mangled insects that were collected was a laborious undertaking. For its efficient performance thanks are due to C F. W. Muesebeck, in charge of the Division of Insect Identification, and to Harold Morrison, formerly in charge of that Division, of this Bureau, who made arrangements for handling the major portion of the material. The specialists who identified the insects in the various orders are as follows: Araneida, E. A Chapin, H. E. Ewing, Irving Fox, and the late C. R Crosby; Acarina, H. E. Ewing; Collembola, the late J. W. Folsom; Thysanura, F. Sil- vestri of Italy, J. W. Folsom, A. B. Gurney, and H. E. Ewing. Orthoptera, Neuroptera, and Mecoptera, the late A. N. Caudell; Corrodentia, A. N. Caudell and A. B. Gurney; Isoptera, T. E. Snyder; Ephemerop- tera, A. N. Caudell and J. G. Needham; Odonata, J. G. Needham; Thysanoptera. Harold Morrison and J. D. Hood; Heteroptera, H. G. Barber and H. L. Dozier; Homoptera, Harold Morrison, P. W. Mason$
107703—39 1 1
2 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 6 7 3, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
monuments, high buildings {25f, and forest lookout stations (75). To collect insects thousands of feet above the earth's surface was quite a different problem to handle, and to accomplish this it was necessary to await the development of a method of observing or collecting them while in flight in some form of aircraft, and thus study, as it were, the "plankton" of the air.
The collection of insects in the upper air has been under considera- tion for many years. In the winter of 1924, at a meeting of the New York Entomological Society, there was a discussion of insect migra- tion. At this meeting there were present L. O. Howard, then Chief of the Bureau of Entomology, the late W. J. Holland, E. P. Felt, Frank E. Lutz, Charles Leng, William T. Davis, W. T. M. Forbes, A. J. Mutchler, George P. Engelhardt, and others. In the course of the discussion the value of obtaining information on the dispersal and migration of insects and of determining the heights to which they flew was emphasized, and everyone present was urged to give some thought and attention to the problem of getting this information, and in contriving some device whereby insects could be collected in the air high above the earth's surface. The use of airplanes was naturally suggested for this work, but no suggestions were made as to what kind of collecting device might be used on the airplanes.
The writer had not the remotest idea at that time that he would ever have the opportunity to work along this line. Late in the spring of 1925, however, he was transferred from what was then the Federal Horticultural Board to the Bureau of Entomology, and sent to Tallulah, La., where airplanes were being used in dusting experiments for the control of the boll weevil and mosquitoes. This equipment being available, it was suggested by Dr. Howard that someone on the staff of the Tallulah laboratory should work out a means of using an airplane to collect insects in the upper air. B. R. Coad, who was in charge of the laboratory at that time and the logical person for directing this work, asked the writer to present some plan whereby
P. W. Oman, W. L. McAtee, and Wm. T. Davis; Coleoptera, A. Q. Boving, M. W. Blackman, E. A. Chapin, H. S. Barber, W. S. Fisher, L. L. Buchanan, and J. C. Bridwell; Lepidoptera, August Busck, Carl Heinrich, Wm. Schaus, and the late F. H. Benjamin and H. G. Dyar; Hymenoptera, S. A. Rohwer, R. A. Cushman, A. B. Qahan, L. H. Weld, C. F. W. Muesebeck, Wm. Mann, Miss Grace Sandhouse, M. R. Smith, and H. H. Ross; Diptera, Alan Stone, the late J. M. Aldrich, J. R. Malloch, C. T. Greene, G. H. Bradley, W. V. King, E. P. Felt, and D. G. Hall; Siphonaptera, F. C. Bishopp.
The seeds collected at various times in the upper air were identified by the late F. V. Coville, S. F. Blake, the late A. S. Hitchcock, and Mrs. Agnes Chase, all of the Bureau of Plant Industry. Appreciation is extended to Mabel Colcord, in charge of the library of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, for many suggestions and for help in obtaining bibliographical references, and to Paul M. Gilmer for the interpretation and preparation of the meteorological data. The writer also wishes to thank the staff of the Tlahualilo Agricultural & Colonization Co., Tlahualilo, Durango, Mexico, for the preparation of a landing field and their kindness and consideration in offering their assistance and hospitality, at the time the air- plane collections of insects were made in Mexico. Those especially to be mentioned are Thomas Fairbairn, general manager, U. C Loftin, and W. Ohlendorff, field managers of the company.
In order to have a better understanding of the meteorological conditions, which were of paramount impor- tance in the study of the insect population of the upper air, it was necessary to consult various workers of the Weather Bureau of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. The writer is especially indebted to C. F. Marvin, former Chief of the Weather Bureau, who personally arranged introductions and assistance, as well as gave valuable suggestions and information; to W. J. Humphreys, meteorological physicist, for his interest, time, and valuable assistance given personally, in the explanation and interpretation of the mete- orological data used in this study; to W . E. Hurd, of the Marine Division; to R. T. Lindley, in charge of the climatological station at Vicksburg, Miss., who cooperated in checking meteorological records for com- parison with those of the Tallulah laboratory; and to W. R. Gregg. Chief of the Bureau, for his many helpful suggestions. The writer had the opportunity of visiting England and the continent in December 1937. While there he interviewed C. B. Williams, head of the department of entomology, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, near London, and B. P. Uvarov, entomologist of the department of entomology, British Museum of Natural History. All references to their publications used in this report were personally checked by these eminent entomologists. The writer also met John A. Freeman of London, who has done important work in collecting insects with kites, both in the United States and in England. In England Mr. Freeman worked under the direction of A. C. Hardy, of the department of zoology and oceanography, University College, Hull, who has published several papers and reports on collecting insects in the upper air with kites, and on insect dissemination. In Paris the writer met Lucien Berland, ento- mologist of the Museum National D'Histoire Naturelle.
3 Italic numbers in parenthesis refer to Literature Cited, p. 146.
INSECTS, SPIDERS, AND MITES IN THE AIR 3
an airplane could be used for collecting insects. The following year, July 1926, the writer submitted diagrams and suggestions for an air- plane insect trap. The drawings were accepted and the trap was made, as described later, and installed on an airplane.
On August 10, 1926, at Tallulah, the first flight was made with this trap to collect insects, and, so far as is known by the writer, this was the first attempt to use an airplane in collecting insects. Several insects belonging to the orders Diptera and Hymenoptera were taken on this flight. Many insects were collected on several other nights made on August 23 and 27. The first published record of insects taken in a trap on an airplane was that of Felt (22, 23). On August 30, 1926, or just 20 days after the first flight at Tallulah, Dr. Felt succeeded in taking three insects. Only a few flights were made under Dr. Felt's direction and on only the one flight were insects taken.
This new means of investigating the insect fauna of the upper air is of both scientific interest and economic importance, for some of the most dangerous insect enemies of cultivated plants and the carriers of dreaded diseases of man and animals spread to distant places with the aid of air currents.
SCOPE OF THE WORK
The discussion of the airplane collection of insects which is given in the following pages is based on the data collected during the years from August 1926 to October 1931, inclusive. During the 5 years of the work more than 1,007 hours were spent in the exposures of the collecting screens. The actual flying time, including the exposures of the screens, amounted to 1,538 hours, of which 150 hours were flown at night. A total of 1,358 separate flights were made, most of them in Louisiana, but 44 were made in Mexico.
In addition to the day collections at altitudes of from 200 to 5,000 feet, which netted 22,580 specimens, 2,204 insects were taken at other heights, from 20 to 100 feet and from 6,000 to 15,000 feet, inclusive, (tables 1 and 2). In the night collections, at from 500 to 5,000 feet, 3,955 insects were taken (table 3). In all the data covers the collection of 28,739 specimens in Louisiana and 1,294 in Mexico.
In general, in the discussions the spiders and mites are counted with the insects.
TECHNICAL BULLETIN 6 7 3, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
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INSECTS, SPIDERS, AND MITES IN THE AIR 5
Table 2. — Spiders and insects of the important orders taken at selected altitudes per 10 minutes of exposure of the collecting screens by daylight, Tallulah, La.t 1926-31
|
Altitude (feet) |
Total flying time |
Aran ei da |
Heter- optera |
Homop- tera |
Cole- optera |
Hymen- optera |
Diptera |
Total insects ' |
|
20 |
Minutes 721 10, 277 10. 101 9,767 10. 102 9,622 50, 315 53, 633 |
Number |
Number |
Number |
Number |
Number |
Number |
Number 25.87 |
|
200 |
0.61 .36 .23 .09 .04 .27 .26 |
0.54 .21 .11 .06 .02 .19 .20 |
1.46 .57 .37 .28 .10 .56 .57 |
2.20 .51 .16 .09 .05 .62 .66 |
1.60 .50 .24 .11 .06 .51 .52 |
5.03 1.96 1.05 .58 .29 1.80 1.86 |
13.03 |
|
|
1,000 |
4.70 |
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2,000 |
2.41 |
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3,000 |
1.35 |
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5,000 |
.64 |
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200-5,000 2 |
4.49 |
|||||||
|
All altitudes * |
4.62 |
1 Includes other orders in addition to those shown.
2 Includes other altitudes in addition to those shown above.
Table 3. — Insects, spiders, and mites collected at night by airplane according to altitudes from 500 to 5,000 feet, with the number per 10 minutes' flying time in the important orders, Tallulah, La., 1926-31
|
500 feet |
1,000 feet |
2,000 feet |
3,000 feet |
5,000 feet |
Total insects |
|||||||
|
Order |
Total in- sects |
In- sects per 10 min- utes' fly- ing time |
Total in- sects |
In- sects per 10 min- utes' fly- ing time |
Total in- sects |
In- sects per 10 min- utes' fly- ing time |
Total in- sects Num- ber 6 |
In- sects per 10 min- utes' fly- ing time Num- ber 0.05 |
Total in- sects |
In- sects per 10 min- utes' fly- ing time |
Total in- sects |
In- sects per 10 min- utes' fly- ing time |
|
Araneida |
Num- ber 28 2 4 |
Num- ber 0.17 |
Num- ber 18 |
Num- ber 0.12 |
Num- ber 7 |
Num- ber 0.06 |
Num- ber 1 |
Num- ber 0. 008 |
Num- ber 60 2 6 3 8. 5 7 179 855 854 26 150 177 1,331 292 |
Num- ber 0.09 |
||
|
Acarina |
.003 |
|||||||||||
|
Thysanura . . |
2 2 1 |
.009 |
||||||||||
|
Orthoptera |
1 |
.004 |
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|
Corrodentia |
7 2 6 115 521 680 8 105 101 788 181 |
.01 |
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|
fiphemeroptera. |
2 |
1 |
.007 |
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|
Thysanoptera |
1 5 14 16 1 7 9 37 13 |
.04 .12 .14 .008 .06 .08 .32 |
.01 |
|||||||||
|
Heteroptera |
.69 3.13 4.09 .05 .63 .61 4.74 |
45 198 120 9 31 47 314 68 |
.30 1.33 .81 .06 .21 .31 2.11 |
12 88 26 5 5 16 130 20 |
.10 .70 .21 .04 .04 .13 1.04 |
2 34 12 3 2 4 62 10 |
.02 .28 .10 .02 .02 .03 .51 |
.26 |
||||
|
Homoptera |
1.26 |
|||||||||||
|
Coleoptera |
1.26 |
|||||||||||
|
Neuroptera |
.04 |
|||||||||||
|
Lepidoptera |
.22 |
|||||||||||
|
Hymenoptera |
.26 |
|||||||||||
|
Diptera |
1.96 |
|||||||||||
|
Unrecognizable. __ |
||||||||||||
|
Total |
2,548 |
15.31 |
853 |
5.73 |
314 |
2.52 |
136 |
1.11 |
104 |
.89 |
3,955 |
5.83 |
|
[Total collecting time, minutes]. |
1,664 |
1,488 |
1,248 |
1,225 |
1,165 |
6, 790 |
||||||
From the number of minutes flown and the average speed of the several planes used, it is estimated that approximately 88,827 miles were flown in the actual exposure of the screens in Louisiana. If the flights are reckoned from taking off on a collecting trip until landing, a distance of six times the circumference of the earth, or more than 150,000 miles, was flown in collecting: insects.
6 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 6 7 3, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
THE COLLECTING GROUND
Tallulah, La., where most of the flying was done, is located in the lower Mississippi Valley and is from 80 to 85 feet above sea level.
The terrain in the vicinity of Tallulah is almost ideal for collecting insects. In Madison Parish alone there are approximately 80,000 acres of land in clearings and in cultivation, with nearly four times as much, or over 300,000 acres, covered with swamps and forests. Viewing the country from an airplane at a high altitude, one notices little of the cultivated areas, but the eye follows extensive forests. They extend for 150 miles in a continuous line north and south, and run part way across the State east and west. Much of the swamp country is almost impenetrable, with great forests bordering many hundreds of small lakes, bayous, and rivers, lined with enormous cypress trees from which great festoons of Spanish moss hang down to the water's edge (pi. 1, A). The entire section is intertwined with bayous, which serve as the natural drainage canals of the region (fig. 1). The many lakes and swamps (pi. 1, B) are mostly connected with bayous, which finally empty into small rivers and thence into the Mississippi. In Madison Parish alone there are more than 60 lakes. This section is still an important logging center. One reser- vation, part of which is in Madison Parish, covers over 80,000 acres of forests and contains cypress, gum, ash, and oak.
Following the main highways through Madison and adjoining parishes, are located the clearings, and the land planted in cotton. The soil is rich and crops grow luxuriantly.
AIRPLANE INSECT TRAPS
Several types of insect traps were devised and used in making the collections of insects in the upper air. The original trap, as designed by the writer for use on a JN6H army primary training ship, was con- structed on the principles of a plate holder for a camera. It consisted of five screen-covered frames for catching the insects, with two suitable compartments or magazines for protecting the screens before and after exposure. The compartments were made of aluminum, covered with tin, and reinforced with wood. The trap was smaller in size, although heavier than those developed later. Refinements in construction, manipulation, and adaptation for use on different types of airplanes were made from time to time, but the basic principles remained un- changed throughout the work. In order to increase the strength to resist the tremendous air pressure and to reduce the weight, the com- partments in later models were made of steel tubing, welded together and covered with airplane fabric. The later models were further sim- plified so that only one compartment was needed.
Only one trap was used on the airplane during 1926 and 1927. Later two improved traps were installed between the wings of a bi- plane. These traps were used on four different DeHaviland Hi army biplanes. The two insect traps were placed either between the wings of a biplane or under the wing of a monoplane (pi. 2, A), one on each side of the fuselage (pi. 2, B). The wing structure, as well as the sup- porting struts, had to be made stronger than is customary for ordinary flying to compensate for the added wind pressure. When it became possible for the Bureau of Entomology to purchase a specially designed airplane for insect collecting, the late Eddy Stinson came to Tallulah
INSECTS, SPIDERS, AND MITES IN THE AIR 7
and studied the insect trap construction. He then returned to his fac- tory at Detroit and built a Stinson Detroiter SMl monoplane (pi. 2, B), in which special attention was given to the wing structure and the supporting struts. In 1930 a Travelair 4,000 biplane (pi. 3, B) was secured on which two of the last-model single compartment traps
Figure 1. — Map of the country around Tallulah, La., showing the relation between the cultivated areas and the swamps and natural drainage channels.
(pi. 3, A) were used. This type of trap was adapted for use on the leading edge of the lower wing by Pilot G. C. McGinley. It differed from the ones previously used in that the exposed trays were pulled back to the original compartment by a mechanism controlled by a single wire to the cockpit The screen trays, or traps proper, are steel tubing frames fitted with a fine-mesh copper screen. In all of the types of airplane insect traps used, five screens, each 1 square foot in size, were used.
8
TECHNICAL BULLETIN 6 7 3, U, S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
OPERATION AND EFFICIENCY OF THE TRAPS
The manipulation of the two-compartment trap is as follows: The unexposed screens are placed in compartment a (pi. 2, A). A steel wire runs from each screen, through guides, to the rear cockpit. When a desired altitude is reached, screen No. 1 is pulled into the open por- tion of the trap (b) and exposed for the desired length of time, then pulled into compartment c, where it is protected from further exposure. The remaining four screens are each exposed in the same manner. In the single-compartment traps (pi. 3, A) the screens are pulled back to the original compartment. The ends of the frames of the screens are
AIRPLANE COLLECTION OF INSECTS
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Si>»"« T &UIUM
#j£fy>.
Figure 2. — Record chart, showing the data recorded for one of the flights made on May 26, 1930. Records such as these were kept of each flight on which in- sect collections were made by airplane in the upper air. The insects collected at each altitude were kept separate after removal from the screens, and identi- fied later.
made to lit snugly, and they completely close the opening to the com- partment. In this way insects were prevented from entering until the desired elevation had been reached, and this eliminated the possibility of picking up insects as the airplane was taking off or landing.
The screens were covered with a thin coating of adhesive to retain the insects that came into contact with them. This adhesive is made of a saturated solution of castor oil and resin. If the adhesive is not thin enough and is not spread over the surface properly, the air will not pass through the mesh, and thus will cause many of the insects to be carried over or under the exposed tray. The period of exposure and rate of speed were standardized, and all records are based on the catch of one screen exposed for 10 minutes at a known speed. The insects were removed immediately after each flight, and placed in small vials, properly labeled according to time of collection and altitude (pi. 4, A and B). Special flight record sheets (fig. 2) were used on which to enter all the data for each flight.
Tech. Bull. 673. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture
Plate 1
A, Little Rainy Lake near Tallulah, La., showing a dense growth of moss-draped cypress trees. Much of the flying to collect insects was made over this and numerous similar lakes, many of which are hidden in almost impenetrable swamps and forests. B, Biplane equipped with insect traps flying over the swamps collecting insects.
Tech. Bull. 673, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture
PLATE 2
A, Insect-collecting trap attached to the wing of a monoplane. The unexposed screens are carried in compartment a. At b is shown a screen pulled into posi- tion for exposure. After exposure the screen is pulled into compartment c. the movements of the screens being controlled by wires (d) leading to the cabin of the airplane. B, a monoplane especially constructed to accommodate the insect traps such as the one shown in A.
Tech Bull. 673, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture
PLATE 3
A, A single-compartment insect trap adapted for use on the leading edge of the lower wing of a biplane; B, a biplane equipped with two single-compartment insect traps.
Tech. Bull. 673, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture
PLATE 4
A, Removing insects from the screens after the landing of the airplane. On account of the low temperatures experienced at high altitudes heavy flying suits are necessary. B, Removing insects from the traps after a night flight. Certain insects are found in the air only at night.
INSECTS, SPIDERS, AND MITES IN THE AIR 9
None of the specimens collected could have been carried up by suction caused by the ascent of the airplane, for the effect of the air blast from the propeller is to blow through the airplane and downward during ascent, as is evidenced during airplane dusting. The air is forced downward behind the airplane, and when the airplane is "chocked" and stationary, with the engine running, the force of the air blast is as great as the driving speed of the propeller.
Unquestionably some insects were carried away from the screens by swirl currents set up by the resistance of the screen in its passage through the air. It is probable that the weight and bulk of the insect affected this factor considerably, those insects of light weight (with a high aerostatic coefficient) probably being carried past the screen in a greater proportion to their total numbers than was the case with the heavier species. So far as is known there is no way of even approxi- mately evaluating actual conditions.
Most of the insects were completely smashed by coming into contact with the screens at high speeds, and in most cases it could not be determined whether they were alive or dead when caught. Yet, surprisingly enough, some of the delicate, soft-bodied insects (such as Diptera and aphids) were alive and in fair condition when removed. These battered specimens, often covered with adhesive, were difficult to determine and only the taxonomists' keen interest in the work enabled determinations to be made as to species in many cases.
The skill of the pilots who flew the collecting airplanes is evidenced by the fact that no fatalities occurred. For 5 years flights were made in all kinds of weather, and many of the night landings were made on an improperly lighted airfield by the aid of automobile lights. During 1930 and 1931, however, the airfield was equipped with standard lighting equipment, including a beacon, a powerful floodlight, and border lights. The airplanes were also equipped with landing lights as shown in plate 4. There were many forced landings, and several air- planes were "washed out." Only one major accident occurred, when a forced landing resulted in the destruction of the craft and injury to both the pilot (McGinley) and the writer. Such mishaps must be expected in a more or less hazardous undertaking.
SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF INSECTS
In order that insects could be collected in every month, it was most important that the flights be made in a region where they were active throughout the year. As far as 100 miles or more north of Tallulah many species of insects are more or less active during every month of the year. Accordingly, every month was represented in one or more years during the 5 years of flying to collect insects.
There is an abundance of data on the seasonal distribution of insects as they occur on the surface, but as to the height to which they fly, or at which they may be found from month to month, very little has been known. It is of interest as well as of economic and scientific importance to know at what heights insects may be found throughout the year. These altitudes depend to a great extent on weather conditions, which are considered under a later heading.
Including all altitudes, in the daytime the greatest numbers of insects per 10 minutes of collecting were taken in May, with November and September following. The fewest insects were taken in January and December (tables 4 and 5). In the night flights the greatest
10
TECHNICAL BULLETIN 6 7 3, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
numbers were taken in October, followed by May. No night nights were made in January, February, or March (table 6).
Table 4.— Insects, spiders, and mites collected by airplane in the daytime according to the orders and months of year at all altitudes, Tallulah, La., 1926-31
|
Order |
Janu- ary |
Feb- ru- ary |
March |
April |
May |
June |
July |
Au- gust |
Sep- tem- ber |
Octo- ber |
No- vem- ber |
De- cem- ber |
Total |
|
Araneida |
Num- ber 126 |
Num- ber 77 8 1 |
Num- ber 80 16 10 2 |
Num- ber 144 16 6 5 |
Num- ber 133 4 8 1 6 16 9 14 426 139 377 2 |
Num- ber 147 1 3 4 2 |
Nmn- ber 92 2 1 1 |
Num- ber 77 |
Num- ber 132 |
Num- ber 134 |
Num- ber 119 1 3 1 1 |
Num- ber 140 1 1 |
Num- ber 1,401 |
|
Acarina |
44 |
||||||||||||
|
Thysanura Collembola.. - |
2 |
2 1 2 |
1 2 |
2 2 4 |
34 26 |
||||||||
|
Orthoptera - |
13 |
||||||||||||
|
Isoptera - |
13 11 1 1 9 322 89 484 1 |
19 |
|||||||||||
|
Corrodentia Ephemeroptera |
1 |
3 |
5 |
6 2 5 34 237 150 374 1 |
6 1 3 15 117 97 266 1 |
2 |
1 1 |
5 |
8 |
6 |
70 5 |
||
|
Odonata . |
1 4 242 73 482 |
2 7 482 143 256 1 2 |
21 |
||||||||||
|
Thysanoptera. . |
6 245 93 336 3 |
2 578 130 422 2 |
91 |
||||||||||
|
Homoptera Heteroptera Coleoptera - Neuroptera |
20 44 95 |
74 30 200 |
270 48 196 |
66 44 78 |
3,079 1,080 3,566 10 |
||||||||
|
Trichoptera . |
3 |
||||||||||||
|
Mecoptera |
3 26 398 1,239 |
3 |
|||||||||||
|
Lepidoptera Hymenoptera Diptera . Siphonaptera |
1 6 248 |
1 10 407 |
1 123 658 |
3 262 1,104 |
447 1,493 |
5 366 1,420 |
6 427 981 1 251 |
6 326 959 |
20 288 933 |
5 91 325 |
1 26 206 |
75 2,770 9,973 1 |
|
|
Unrecognizable |
66 |
65 |
112 |
256 |
339 |
342 |
298 |
410 |
207 |
115 |
39 |
2,500 |
|
|
Total |
609 |
876 |
1,809 |
2,727 |
3,414 |
3,099 |
2,268 |
2,356 |
3,347 |
2,488 |
1,183 |
608 |
24, 784 |
|
Total flying time, minutes |
2,992 |
3,042 |
4,305 |
6,025 |
5,209 |
5,973 |
5,022 |
5,649 |
6,286 |
4,732 |
1,984 |
2,414 |
53, 633 |
Table 5. — Spiders and insects of the important orders taken per 10 minutes of flying time by daylight in the different months of the year, Tallulah, La., 1926-31
Month
January
February...
March
April
May
June.
July
August
September.
October
November- December..
Total
|
Total |
||||||
|
Ara- neida |
Homop- tera |
Heter- optera |
Coleop- tera |
Hymen- optera |
Diptera |
insects, including other orders |
|
Number |
Number |
Number |
Number |
Number |
Number |
Number |
|
0.42 |
0.07 |
0.15 |
0.32 |
0.02 |
0.83 |
2.03 |
|
.25 |
.24 |
.10 |
.66 |
.03 |
1.34 |
2.88 |
|
.18 |
.56 |
.17 |
1.12 |
.28 |
1.53 |
4.20 |
|
.24 |
.53 |
.15 |
.80 |
.43 |
1.83 |
4.53 |
|
.25 |
.82 |
.27 |
.72 |
.86 |
2.87 |
6.55 |
|
.25 |
.40 |
.25 |
.63 |
.61 |
2.38 |
5.19 |
|
.18 |
.23 |
.19 |
.53 |
.85 |
1.95 |
4.52 |
|
.14 |
.43 |
.16 |
.59 |
.58 |
1.70 |
4.17 |
|
.21 |
.92 |
.21 |
.67 |
.63 |
1.97 |
5.33 |
|
.28 |
1.02 |
.30 |
.54 |
.61 |
1.97 |
5.26 |
|
.60 |
1.36 |
.24 |
.99 |
.46 |
1.64 |
5.96 |
|
.68 |
.27 |
.18 |
.32 |
.11 |
.85 |
2.52 |
|
.26 |
.57 |
.20 |
.66 |
.52 |
1.86 |
4.62 |
Total flying time
Minutes 2,992 3,042 4,305 6,025 5,209 5,973 5,022 5,649 6,286 4,732 1,984 2.414
53. 633
At the altitude of 200 feet the greatest numbers were taken in May and the next greatest in November. The smallest numbers were collected in January and the next smallest in December.
At the altitude of 1,000 feet the maximum numbers of insects were collected in November, with slightly fewer in May; the fewest were found in January and December.
At the altitude of 2,000 feet the greatest numbers of insects appeared in May with slightly smaller numbers in October, and the fewest in January and February.
INSECTS, SPIDERS, AND MITES IN THE AIR
11
Table 6. — Spiders and insects of the important orders caught per 10 minutes of flying time at night, arranged by months, Tallulah, La., 1926-31
|
Month |
Ara- neida |
Ho- mop- tera |
Heter- optera |
Cole- optera |
Lepi- dop- tera |
Hy- men- optera |
Dip- tera |
Total insects, including other orders |
Total flying time |
|
April |
Number 0.33 .10 .09 |
Number 0.55 1.24 .51 .24 .73 2.02 4.04 .51 0 |
Number 0.11 .18 .16 .17 .23 .30 .74 0 0 |
Number 0.22 2.40 .97 .84 1.14 1.29 2.16 .91 0 |
Number 0.22 .08 .06 .10 .16 .32 .77 .08 0 |
Number 0.22 .36 .19 .12 .21 .27 .69 .11 0 |
Number 1.78 3.12 1.63 .93 1.55 1.70 5.32 .69 0 |
Number 3.56 8.36 4.13 2.84 4.53 6.33 14.91 2.94 .13 |
Minutes 90 |
|
May |
500 |
||||||||
|
June.. |
1,175 |
||||||||
|
July - |
805 |
||||||||
|
August |
.05 .11 .13 .22 0 |
1,638 |
|||||||
|
September . - |
1,457 |
||||||||
|
October |
700 |
||||||||
|
November |
275 |
||||||||
|
December. _ . |
150 |
||||||||
|
The above 9 months.. |
.09 |
1.26 |
.26 |
1.26 |
.22 |
.26 |
1.96 |
5.83 |
6,790 |
At 3,000 feet the most insects were taken in October and September, and the fewest appeared in January, February, and December.
At the 5,000-foot altitude the peak of abundance of insects appeared in September. Nearly twice as many insects were taken in this month as in June, in which the next highest numbers were collected. The smallest numbers of specimens were found in December; and next to the smallest in January and February, in which months approximately equal numbers were collected.
In every month of the year, for the day collections, the order Diptera led in numbers taken (table 5). The other orders represented in the collections varied considerably in numbers with altitude and season. Many species were found in every month of the year.
The months in which the maximum and minimum numbers of insects were taken varied somewhat from year to year during the 5 years. The peaks of abundance were usually at about the same time each year, as were also the low catches, but in 1929 the greatest numbers were collected in September with a minor peak in June, whereas in 1930 and 1931 the maximum numbers were taken in May. The variation in the monthly maximum and minimum occurrences of insects for each year may be assigned to differences in the weather. The meteorological factors are discussed later.
The numerical abundance of the orders as they occur in the day collections for the various months are shown in table 4, and the figures in table 5 give the number per 10 minutes of flying.
Araneida were most abundant in November and December, with slightly more in November (table 5). The fewest specimens were taken in August. At the altitude of 1,000 feet most spiders were collected in November, and at 2,000 feet more were taken in December.
Homoptera appeared in greatest numbers in November (table 5). Fewest were found in January. During the summer the fewest specimens were collected in July. At the altitude of 2,000 feet the maximum numbers were taken iu October and the fewest in January, and for the altitudes of 3,000 and 5,000 feet the most Homoptera were collected in September.
Heteroptera were found in greatest numbers in October, and fewest in February. At the altitude of 1,000 feet more specimens were collected in November and fewest in January. At altitudes above 1,000 feet the numbers taken varied considerably.
12 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 6 7 3, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
Coleoptera were at their maximum abundance in March, with a few less in November, and fewest in January and December. At the altitude of 2,000 feet the greatest numbers were collected in May, June, September, and October, with about equal numbers for each; and the fewest were taken in January, February, August, and Decem- ber. At 3,000 feet Coleoptera were most abundant in June and October, and at 5,000 feet in June and September, with more in September.
Hymenoptera appeared in maximum numbers in May and July, about equal numbers having been taken in each of those months. Fewest Hymenoptera were found in January and February. At 1,000 feet Hymenoptera were most abundant in May and October, with a drop for the summer months in August. At 5,000 feet most specimens were taken in June, and no specimens in January, February, or November.
Diptera were most abundant in May and were fewest in January and December. At the altitude of 3,000 feet they were most abundant in April, May, and June, with about equal numbers for each of those months. In July and August there was a decided drop in the numbers taken at 3,000 feet and the lowest number was taken in February. At 5,000 feet Diptera appeared in greatest numbers in September, with the next highest numbers in June and the fewest in December.
Thysanoptera were collected mostly in June. Isoptera were taken only in the months of April and May, and too few specimens of the other orders were taken to justify comparative estimates.
In the night collections the Homoptera appeared in greatest num- bers in October. At the altitude of 5,000 feet, Homoptera were taken only in the months of August, September, October, and November.
Heteroptera were collected at night mostly in October. At the altitude of 3,000 feet they were found only in July and August and at 5,000 feet in August and September.
Coleoptera were taken at night in greatest numbers in May, with slightly fewer in October. They fell off considerably during July. At the altitude of 1,000 feet most specimens of Coleoptera were taken in May, August, and October, and at 2,000 feet, in May and October, with more in October.
Hymenoptera were collected at night mostly in October, with the next highest numbers in May.
Lepidoptera were most abundant in October at all altitudes.
Diptera were most abundant at night in October, with May second in the numbers taken. There was a decided drop in July. At 3,000 feet most specimens appeared in May, and at 5,000 feet most in October.
ALTITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION OF INSECTS
Twenty-four different altitudes, ranging from 20 to 16,000 feet, were flown. Six altitudes were used in the systematic studies, these being 200, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, and 5,000 feet for the daytime, and 500, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, and 5,000 feet for the night collections.
DAY COLLECTING
The numbers of insects collected in the daytime and arranged according to orders and altitudes are given in table 1. Eighteen orders of insects and the orders of spiders and mites were taken. Fourteen
INSECTS, SPIDERS, AND MITES IN THE AIR
13
thousand feet was the highest altitude at which insects'were taken, there being five Homoptera and two Hymenoptera collected at this height. The highest altitude at which any specimen was taken was 15,000 feet, at which one spider was caught on the screen. Had more flights been made at these higher altitudes more specimens would
5.00
4.80
2.40
1,000
5,000
2,000 3,000
ALTITUDE (FEET)
Figure 3.— Average numbers of insects of the important orders collected by airplane in 10 minutes flying by day at the indicated altitudes.
doubtless have been taken, but because of the difficulty in climbing, the time and expense involved, the types of airplanes used, and the air resistance offered by the insect traps, high altitudes were difficult to attain, and only one flight of 5 minutes was accomplished at 16,000 feet.
The comparative abundance of various orders according to altitudes may be learned from figure 3. Only the orders Homoptera, Heterop- tera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, and the order of spiders
16 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 6 7 3, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
NIGHT COLLECTING
The altitudes flown at night were 500, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, and 5,000 feet. Five hundred feet was considered to be the lowest altitude safe to fly at night. More insects were collected at night in propor- tion to the amount of time flown than during the day, the figures being 5.83 per 10 minutes of flight, as against 4.62 for the day. There were, however, only 12 recognizable orders of insects taken at night as compared with 20 orders of insects and mites taken in the day flights (tables 1 and 3). The orders of insects not represented in the night collections were Collembola, Isoptera, Odonata, Trichoptera; Mecoptera, and Siphonaptera. Even in the day flights, only a few insects belonging to these orders were taken.
At 1,000, 2,000, and 5,000 feet more insects weie taken per 10 minutes at night than during the day, but at 3,000 feet there were fewer insects taken than in the day collections. The actual numbers taken at night at the altitudes of 3,000 and 5,000 feet, however, are so small as compared with the day collections that great significance cannot be placed upon the figures. Wingless forms could not, of course, attain any height at night, since the general convectional movement of air at night tends to be downward rather than upward. Thus the few spiders and others wingless forms that were in the upper air would tend to come down at night. Table 7 also shows the approx- imate number of cubic feet of air per insect at night.
NOTES ON THE INSECTS COLLECTED
A discussion of each order is given with notes on the more interesting and the economic species taken. There were represented in the col- lections taken in the upper air 18 insect orders, and the orders of spiders and mites. Of the total of 28,739 specimens collected in Louisiana there weie represented 216 families, 824 genera, 4 new genera, 700 species, and 24 new species (table 8). The insects are shown in detail in tables 9 and 10.
Table 8. — Insects, spiders, and mites collected by airplane according to the orders, families, genera, and species, Tallulah, La., 1926-31
Insects taken
Araneida
Acarina
Thysanura
Collembola
Orthoptera
Corrodentia
Isoptera
Ephemeroptera
Odonata
Thysanoptera..
Heteroptera
Homoptera
Coleoptera
Neuroptera
Trichoptera
Mecoptera
Lopidoptera
Hymenoptcra..
Diptera
Siphonaptera.. Unrecognizable
Total
Number
1,461
46
40
26
16
78
19
1(1
21
98
1.259
3.934
4. 420
36
3
3
225
2, 947
11.304
1
2. 792
28. 739
Families
Number
16
2
2
3
3
4
1
1
2
2
19
9
46
4
1
1
20
33
46
1
216
Determined genera
Number
37
1
4
7
4
8
1
3
6
12
63
73
193
4
1
1
38
244
123
1
824
New
genera
Number
Determined species
Number 30
1 4 5 6 1 1 4
15
69
80
175
6
1
32
195
74
1
roo
New species
Number
1
20
24
INSECTS, SPIDERS, AND MITES IN THE AIR
17
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16
TECHNICAL BULLETIN 6 7 3, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
NIGHT COLLECTING
The altitudes flown at night were 500, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, and 5 000 feet. Five hundred feet was considered to be the lowest altitude safe to fly at night. More insects were collected at night in propor- tion to the amount of time flown than during the day, the figures being 5.83 per 10 minutes of flight, as against 4.62 for the day. There were, however, only 12 recognizable orders of insects taken at night as compared with 20 orders of insects and mites taken in the day flights (tables 1 and 3). The orders of insects not represented in the night collections were Collembola, Isoptera, Odonata, Trichoptera; Mecoptera, and Siphonaptera. Even in the day flights, only a few insects belonging to these orders were taken.
At 1,000, 2,000, and 5,000 feet more insects weie taken per 10 minutes at night than during the day, but at 3,000 feet there were fewer insects taken than in the day collections. The actual numbers taken at night at the altitudes of 3,000 and 5,000 feet, however, are so small as compared with the day collections that great significance cannot be placed upon the figures. Wingless forms could not, of course, attain any height at night, since the general convectional movement of air at night tends to be downward rather than upward. Thus the few spiders and others wingless forms that were in the upper air would tend to come down at night. Table 7 also shows the approx- imate number of cubic feet of air per insect at night.
NOTES ON THE INSECTS COLLECTED
A discussion of each order is given with notes on the more interesting and the economic species taken. There were represented in the col- lections taken in the upper air 18 insect orders, and the orders of spiders and mites. Of the total of 28,739 specimens collected in Louisiana there weie represented 216 families, 824 genera, 4 new genera, 700 species, and 24 new species (table 8). The insects are shown in detail in tables 9 and 10.
Table 8. — Insects, spiders, and mites collected by airplane according to the orders, families, genera, and species, Tallulah, La., 1926-81
Insects taken
Araneida
Acarina
Tbysanura
Collembola
Orthoptera
Corrodentia
Isoptera
Epliemeroptera
Odonata
Tbysanoptera..
Heteroptera
Homoptera
Coleoptera
Neuroptera
Trieboptera
Mecoptera
Lepidoptera... Ilymenoptera..
Diptera ..
Siphonaptera.. Unrecognizable
Total
Number
1,461
46
40
26
16
78
19
10
21
98
1.259
3.934
4.420
36
3
3
225
2, 947
11,304
1
2. 792
28, 739
Families
Number 16 2 2 3 3 4 1 1 2 2 19 9
46
4
1
1
20
33
46
1
210
Determined genera
Number
37
1
4
7
4
8
1
3
6
12
63
73
193
4
1
1
38
244
123
1
824
New genera
Number
Determined species
Number 30
1 4 5 6 1 1
4
15
69
80
175
6
1
32
195 74
1
roo
New species
Number
1
20
24
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Araneida: Dictynidae: Dictyna bellans Chamberlin Dictyna cruciata Emerton Dictyna sp Dictyna, n. sp Oecobiidae: Oecobius parietalis Hentz Gnaphosidae: Gnaphosidae, undetermined sp Pholcidae: Modismius sp Theridiidae: Euryopis sp Theridion giobosum Hentz (male) Theridionsp . Theridula opulenta (Walckenaer) Dipoena sp .. .. Crustulina guttata Wider (female) Ceratinops annulipes Banks Ceratinops sp .. . . Theridiidae, undetermined spp Micryphantidae: |
Walckanaera rigilax Black wall Micryphantidae, undetermined sp Ceraticelus creolus Chamberlin ... Ceraticelus limnologicus Crosby a,nd Bishop Ceraticelus emertoni (Cambridge) Ceraticelus sp Ceraticelus sp. (females) Ceratinopsis anoelicana (Hentz) Ceratinopsis atolma Chamberlin Oedoihorax parvus Banks. |
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Thysanoptera: Thripidae: Sericothrips, close to variabilis Beach... Sericothrips cingulatus Hinds Frankliniella tritici (Fitch) Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) Thrips (Microcephalothrips) abdomina- lis Crawford Myderothrips longirostrum (Jones) Phlaeothripidae: Hoplandothrips pergandei (Hinds) Neurothrips magnafemoralis (Hinds). .. Leptothrips mali (Fitch) Elaphrothrips tuberculatum (Hood) Elaphrothrips sp Liothrips caryae Fitch Liothrips castaneae Hood ? Liothrips citricornis (Hood) Liothrips sp llaplothrips graminis Hood Tubulifera, undetermined spp... Thysanoptera, undetermined spp |
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Heteroptera— Continued. Lygaeidae— Continued. A ntillocoris pallidus ( Uhler) _ Antillocoris pallidus (nymphs) Antillocoris spp Aphanus umbrosus (Distant) Eremocoris ferus (Say) Lygaeidae, undetermined spp Tingitidae: Piesma cinerea (Say) .. - Corythucha pergandei Heidemann — . Corythucha spp .-. . Gargaphia amorphae (Walsh) . Physatocheila sp. . Leptoypha sp ... Tingitidae, undetermined spp Enicocephalidae: Systelloderus biceps (Say) Reduviidae: Zelus cervicalus Stal.._ Atrachelus cinereus (Fabricius) Hebridae: Hebrus (Naeogeus) consolidus Uhler Hebrus spp Mesoveliidae: Mesovelia mulsanti White.. - Nabidae: Nabis sordidus Reuter Nabis roseipennis Reuter Nabis sp Anthocoridae: Orius (Triphleps) insidiosus (Say) Miridae: Trigonotylus breviceps Jokowlef— Trigonotylus sp Platytylellus sp |
INSECTS, SPIDERS, AND MITES IN THE AIR
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300 feet (day) |
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100 feet (day) |
s«- i i i i ; i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i iiii i i i i i ^ *> . iiii ■ ■ fS* i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i iiii i i i 1 i |
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50 feet (day) |
Num- ber 1 2 1 |
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20 feet (day) |
Num- ber 17 3 2 19 1 |
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Homoptera— Continued. Psyllidae: Livia macuUpennis (Fitch) Aphalara veaziei Patch Aphalara sp. (probably veaziei var. metzaria Crawford) Trioza diospyri (Ashmead) Trioza sp. near diospyri . . Trioza tripunctata (Fitch)... Trioza spp.. Neotriozellia immaculata (Crawford). . Pachypsylln venusta (Osten Sacken) ... Pachypsylla celtidis-mamma Riley Pachypsylla celtidis-vesiculum Riley Pachypsylla celtidis-gemma Riley Pachypsylln spp ... Psylla spp... Psyllidae, undetermined spp Aphiidae: Chaitophorina sp.. Sipha flava (Forbes) Aphis gossypii Glover Anuraphis sp Aphis spp Rhopalosiphum pseudobrassicae (Davis) Rhopalosiphum spp My zocallis sp Amphorophora sp. (probably new) Macrosiphum (Tritogenaphis) rud- beckiae (Fitch) Macrosiphum (Tritogenaphis) spp Macrosiphum (lUinoia) pisi (Kalten- bach) Macrosiphum (lUinoia) spp Magoura sp |
INSECTS, SPIDERS, AND MITES IN THE AIR
29
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h I I : 1 I I 1 1 1 : i III::: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II 1° :::::::: i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i |
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i CN i i CN 00 i CN CN CT> i >-H ill ill i-«*l ri-1 i lO i a sj • • • • • iii 5 s i i : : i i i i i i i i i i : : : : S |
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400 feet (day) |
Num- ber |
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300 feet (day) |
s*. : i i i i i S : i i i iii;;: ::::;:::::: : i S* i i i i i i i i i : i :::::: i i i i i i i i i i i i i |
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200 feet (day) |
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s*. i i i i i i i i : ** : iiiiii iiiiiiiiiii ii I* i i i i i i i i i i iiiiii iiiiiiiiiii i i |
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50 feet (day) |
!* 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 II IIIIII 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 j"l 1 II ►5-° ::;:;::: : ; ; ; : ; ; : ; ::::::::::: ; : ^ i i i i ii iiiiii i i i i i , ii |
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08 P |
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Coleoptera — Continued. Carabidae — Continued. Stenolophus ochropezus (Say) Stenolophus dissimilis Dejean Stenolophus conjunctus (Say) Tachistodes indistindus (Dejean) Tachistodes testaceus (Dejean) Tachistodes partiarius (Say).. Tachistodes sp Agonoderus pallipes (Fabricius)... ... Carabidae, undetermined spp Haliplidae: Haliplus sp Haliplidae, undetermined sp Dytiscidae: Bidessus pullus (Le Conte) __ Bidessus granarius (Aub6j Bidessus sp . . Coptotomus interrogatus (Fabricius) Copetatus glyphicus (Say) Dytiscidae, undetermined sp Hydrophilidae: Ochthebiussp _. hydraena pennsylvanica Kiesenwetter. Hydraena marginicollis Kiesenwetter.. Ue lophor us sp . Hydrochus sp Berosus itriatus (Say) Tropisternus striolatus (LeConte) . Paracymus subcupreus (Say) Paracymus sp Enochrus sp Cercyon sp Scydmaenidae: Conophron sp Scydmaenidae, undetermined spp |
INSECTS, SPIDERS, AND MITES IN THE AIR
31
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('oleoptera— Continued. Trichopterygidae: Trichopterygidae, undetermined spp_. Histeridae: Mister sp... .. Acritus sp .. Saprinus sp Lycidae: Plater os sp. .. .. . ... Lampyridae: Pyropyga minuta (LeConte)-- Lampvridae, undetermined spp Cantharidae: Chauliognathus marginatus (Fabri- eius) . ... . Cantharis bilineatus Say Cantharis sp Malachidae: Collops quadrimaculatus (Fabrieius)... Anthocomas erichsoni LeConte Cleridae: Monophy I la terminata (Say).. Micromalthidae: Micromalthus debilis LeConte... Mordellidae: Mordellistena aspera (Melsheimer) Mordellistena pustulata (Melsheimer) . Mordellistena sp . Mordellidae, unletermined sp .. ... Anthicidae: Notoxus bicolor (Sav) Notoxus monodon ( Fabrieius) Notorus sp. Tomoderus constrictus (Sav) A nthicus rejectus LeConte .. . Anthicus vicinus LaFerte-Senectere Anthicus cervinus LaFerte-Senectere. . |
INSECTS, SPIDERS, AND MITES IN THE AIR
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600 feet (day) |
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500 feet (night) |
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400 feet (day) |
1* ! 1 i 1 1 i ill 1 1 ! 1 ! ! ; iii iii i i i i i i i 1"° i i i i i i iii iiiiii i iii iii iiiiii: |
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300 feet (day) |
s*. i i i i i i iii iiiiii i iii iii iiiiii! 1° i i i i i i iii iiiiii i iii iii iiiiii: |
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200 feet (day) |
■ i i i i i i i i i i ■ i £ i i i t*i ii-i CN iii i CN i^Oli-l i C3>0>0 CN i »0 ^ CN iihNO i g fe 1 IIII.CN -H ,-H I ,pO III I 1 1 1 1 I 1 I fe; : : : : : : : : : i : : |
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100 feet (day) |
sfe i i i i i i iii iiiiii i iii iii iiiiii: 1° i i i i : i iii iiiiii i iii iii i i i i i : i |
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50 feet (day) |
Num- ber 1 |
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20 feet (day) |
Num- ber 1 1 8 1 8 1 3 1 |
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C oleoptera— C ontinued. Cryptophagidae: Cryptophilus integer (Heer) Toramus pulcheUus (LeConte).- Mycetophagidae: Typhaea stercorea (Linnaeus) Colydiidae: Bitoma quadricoUis (Horn) Lathridiidae: Coninomus constrictus (Qyllenhal) Eniomus sp Corticaria serrata (Paykull) ■ Corticaria j erruginea Marsham Corticaria sp Melanophthalma picta (LeConte) Melanophthalma distinguenda (Co- molli)- Melanophthalma cavicoUis (Manner- heim) Melanophthalma sp Lathridiidae, undetermined spp Phalacridae: Phalacrus sp Sfilbus sp Phalacridae, undetermined spp Coccinellidae: Scymnus terminatus Say Scymnus loewi Mulsant Scymus sp Psylloboro sp Naemia seriata (Melsheimer)... Coleomegilla juscilabris (Mulsant) Colemoegilla floridana (Leng) |
INSECTS, SPIDERS, AND MITES IN THE AIR
35
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s«~ i i i ; i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i 3-° i i S i I i i i S i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i ! i i i |
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600 feet (day) |
6*. i i ! ! ! i ■ i i ! ! i i i i i i ; i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i s <4> i i ; i i i i i i i i i iiiiii ii iiiiiii iiit 1* i i i i i i i i i i i i iiiiii i i iiiiiii! i i i i |
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g < > < rH IIIIIII 1 IH 1 1 1 r-l II II ITf I T)< II 1 1 1 1 ~ <U 1 I 1 IIIIIII 1 1 III II III 1 II 1 1 1 1 3"° i i i ! i i ! ■ i S | i M i i i i i : i i i i i i i |
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Ek ! i i ! i ! ! S • | « \ iiiiii i i i i i i i i i i i i i i S «o i I • I I I i i I I I i iiiiii ii i i i i i i i i i ■ i i kS-Ci llllli 1 1 1 1 1 I I ll 1 l 1 I l ii £ ::::::::::: : :::::: : : :::::::: : : : : |
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St. • < • i • • • • ■- 1 • 2 2 i i i i i i i l*-* i i i i i i to,~' i i 3° i i i 2 i i i i i i i i iiiiii i i i iiiiii S i |
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S i MHOiOM INHH IH rH « rH I I CN 1 1 rH C3 rH l I 00 ^ 1 rH 1 1 rH iO 5SCO 1 1 llllrHIl 1 II 3* " i i i i i i i i i i : |
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k 2 • • i i | j j 2 j \ j iiiiii j i iiiiiii! i i i i -* *> i ii 3° i i i i i i i i i i i i iiiiii i i i i i i i i i i i i i i |
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Num- ber 1 1 1 |
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20 feet (day) |
S. 1 iNH IIIIIII 1 1 IrH III II rHCN IIIIII rH 1 1 •>$» 5 «» ! ,eo iiiiiii i ii '•; ' ' IIIIII II 3° i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i iiiiii i i |
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C oleoptera— C on tinued . Chrysomelidae— Continued. Lonqitarsus turbatus Horn — Longitarsus testaceus Melsheimer Phyllotreta striolata (Illiger) - Phyllotreta bipustulata (Fabricius) Baliosus ruber (Weber) Metriona bivittata (Say) Metriona bicolor (Fabricius) Chrysomelidae, undetermined spp Bruchidae: Acanthoscelides alboscutellatus (Horn).. Acanthoscelides compressicornis (Schaef- fer)_— Acanthoscelides bisignatus (Horn) Acanthoscelides hibisci (Olivier) Acanthoscelides submuticus (Sharp) Acanthoscelides sp.. Megacerus sp. (near impiger). Anthribidae: Brachytarsus vestitus LeConte. Curculionidae: Apion metallicum Gerstaecker. Hyperodes sp... Smicronyr sp Stenopelmus rufinasus Gyllenhal Tanysphyrus lemnae (Fabricius) Thysanocnemis sp. Tylopterus pallidus LeConte Anthonomus grandis Boheman (fe- males) Anthonomus grandis Boheman (male). Anthonomus albipilosus Dietz Baris aerea (Boheman). |
INSECTS, SPIDEES, AND MITES IN THE AIR
37
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TECHNICAL BULLETIN 6 7 3, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
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Mecoptera: Panorpidae: |
Lepidoptera: Pieridae: Colias eurytheme Boisduval Nymphalidae: Phyciodes tharos form marcia Edwards Junonia coenia (Huebner). Hesperiidae: Epargyreus tityrus (Fabricius) Antigonus nessus (Edwards)... Hesperia leonardus Harris Lerema accius (Abbott and Smith) Lerodea eufala (Edwards) Syntomidae: Cisseps fulvicoUis (Huebner) Cisseps fulvicoUis (Huebner) female... Noctuidae: Heliothis obsoleta (Fabricius)... Laphygma frugiperda (Abbott and Smith)... Laphygma frugiperda (alive) Eublemma obliqualis (Fabricius) Autographa brassicae (Riley) Alabama argillacea (Huebner) Tetanolita mynesalis (Walker) Ommatochila mundula Zeller Bomolocha sp Plathypena scabra (Fabricius) Noctuidae, undetermined spp. Qeometridae: Qeometridae, undetermined spp Pyralididae: Nomophila noduella (Denis and Schif- Loxostege similalis (Quenee) |
INSECTS, SPIDERS, AND MITES IN THE AIR
39
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TECHNICAL BULLETIN 67 3, U. S. DEFT. OF AGRICULTURE
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1 o CO CD -d -t-9 4J "3 oj CD O "o O |
P-C |
s- i i i i i S i ! i i ! i i i i i i i ! i i S i i S i i S i : i T i s *> !!!!!!! ! ! 1-° i i i i i i i I i i i i i i i i i i i S i 1 i : i i i i ! i ! i ! |
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4-3 CD o o o "5~ |
43 bo |
s«- i i i i i i : i i \^ i i i i i : i i i i i i i i i ; i i i i i i i 1° i i i i i i : i S S i S i i i ! ! i :::::: i i : i : i i i : |
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03 P |
it i 1 1 i i 1 i 1 i i 1 j i 1 1 1 i 1 r 1 1 1 i' 1 j II !. 1 1 1 \ \ 1"° i : i i : : : i : i i i i i : i i i : :::'::: i i i : : i i i |
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4,000 feet (day) |
s^ : i : i i i i : i i i ; i i i i i i : i i ! 1 i i i i i i 1 i i i i 1* S i i i S : : i i i i i I i i i ! i i i i i i S i i i i i i i i i i |
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43 CD .2 — O o CO |
43 be |
s-. i i i i : i i i ! i i i i i i i i i i ; i i i i i i i i i ; i : : : •s *»!!!!!!!!! I !!!!!!!' ! ! ! ' ! ! ' ' ' |-° i : i S i i i i i i i i i i i : i i : i i i i i i i : i ! i ! i i : |
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>> 03 ft |
Num- ber 1 1 1 1 1 1 |
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+3 CD o o o |
43 bo |
Num- ber 1 1 1 |
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03 ft |
Num- ber 1 1 2 2 |
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4-3 CD o o © i-T |
■4-3 bfl |
Num- ber 1 1 1 |
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>» 03 P |
Num- ber 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 |
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600 feet (day) |
§h i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i : i i i i £° i i i S i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i |
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500 feet (night) |
CJ lllllllllll— lllllillii— 111— llill ll i— 1 lllli a « 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II IIIII |* 1 ; j S i j i i i j j | | i | ■ | j I | I j ■ i i 1 i i i S |
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400 feet (day) |
s»- i S i i S i i i i i i S i i i i i i i i i i i i i i : i i S i i i i s qj !!:!!!! ! ! ' ' !!!!'■ '!!!!!! ! ! ! 1"° : i : : i : i : : i i : : i : i : i : S i i : : : i i i i i i i i i |
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300 feet (day) |
£•- i i i i i ! i i i i i i S i i S i i S i i i i i i i i i i i i ! i S S* i i i S i i i : i i i S i i : i : ! i i S i i i : i ! S i i ! i : ! |
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200 feet (day) |
S ^ CO C4 CN i-H I 1 1 1 CM ICOH 1 1 1HT)IHHT)<H 1 ICO 1 CO l-H 1 1 r-t 1 i-H «5 I -5 v !'.!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1"° :!:::::: ii i i i i i |
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100 feet (day) |
s^ ; i i i i i i S i i i S i i i i i S i i i i i i i i i i i S i S S i S* i i i •! i S ! S S i i S i i i i S i i. S S- S : i i i i I i ! ! ! i i |
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50 feet (day) |
Sw j • j • • • | j • j !!••!!! : • • • •!! : j ■ .j \ ■ I i I • ^ ^ i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i ■ i i it L^-© IIIII II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 IIIII £ !!!!!!!!!!:: !!•!!!! I!!',:!! ! ' \ I !!!'.: |
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20 feet (day) |
Num- ber 1 |
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CO 43 o CO fl as O |
43 .a bfl 2 |
Num- ber 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 |
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CS P |
g^Tf"C^Tt*r-I^Hi— l.-Hr-4CC»-(t>^Hi— IHHr- ( ^ i— IHNH l 1 CO i— 1 00 i-H C< • i-H " N N r4 |-° i i S • i |
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co CD '3 CD P. CO •o a cs co" 3 a CD bfl 1 £ CD T3 U O |
Hymenoptera— Continued. Ichneumonidae— Continued. Hemiteles sp Zamicrotoridea syrphicola (Ashmead)— Hemitelini, undetermined spp.. Gelis sp. (male) Hoplocryptus incertulus Cushman Biapetimorpha acadia Cushman. Derocentrus macUentus (Cresson) Zaglyptus incompletus (Cresson) Ephialtes aequalis (Provancher) Orthocentrus sp Orthocentrini, undetermined sp Diplazon laetatorius (Fabricius) Cymodusa eurycreonis (Ashmead) Cymodusa sp Sagaritis provanchsri (Dalla Torre) Sagaritis oxylus (Cresson) Pristomerus agilis (Cresson) Neopristomarus melleus |